Answer :
- Standard Scores:
Standard scores are types of scores that represent an individual's position within a group. They enable comparisons between different sets of data. These scores are typically used in educational assessments and psychological tests.
Z-score: It indicates how many standard deviations an element is from the mean. It's calculated using the formula:
[tex]z = \frac{(X - \mu)}{\sigma}[/tex]
Where:
- [tex]X[/tex] = raw score
- [tex]\mu[/tex] = mean of the data set
- [tex]\sigma[/tex] = standard deviation
Interpretation: A Z-score of 0 means the score is at the mean.
T-score: A standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, calculated using the formula:
[tex]T = 50 + 10z[/tex]
Interpretation: T-scores allow comparisons between different tests or exams.
- Assignment as a Tool of Assessment:
Assignments are tasks given to students to assess their understanding and learning. They serve as practical learning tools where students can apply concepts learned in class.
Project as a Tool of Assessment:
A project is a detailed activity or assignment involving research and application of knowledge. It is used to assess a student's deeper understanding of subject matter. Projects can be used as assessment tools by evaluating creativity, problem-solving skills, and knowledge application.
- Percentile Rank of Score 20:
To find the percentile rank, order the scores: 5, 5, 8, 9, 12, 12, 14, 17, 20, 23.
Percentile rank = [tex]\frac{\text{Number of scores below 20}}{\text{Total number of scores}} \times 100[/tex]
There are 8 scores below 20.
Percentile rank = ( \frac{8}{10} \times 100 = 80 %
- Examination Reforms Suggestions:
To improve the quality and range of questions in examinations, consider including:
- Critical thinking questions
- Application-based assessments
- Diverse question formats, such as multiple-choice, essays, and problem-solving.
- Alternative Modes of Examination:
- Open-book exams, which test understanding over rote memorization.
- Online assessments with interactive elements.
- Portfolio assessments to evaluate over time.
- Advantages of Using Percentages:
Percentages allow standardized comparisons across different data sets and groups, providing a clear and understood metric of performance.
- Assessment vs. Evaluation:
Aspect
Assessment
Evaluation
Purpose
Formative FeedbackSummative Judgment
Method
Ongoing ProcessPeriodic Summary
Focus
Specific Learning AreasOverall Performance
Objective Type Test on Basic Algebra:
Solve for x: 2x + 3 = 7.
Expand (x + 3)(x - 2).
Simplify: [tex]\frac{9}{3}[/tex].
...Flexibility in Examination Reforms:
Flexibility in exams includes adjusting modalities to focus on understanding and analytical skills.
Project Work Steps:
Define the project topic.
Research the topic.
Develop a project plan.
Execute the project work.
Present findings.
Rules for Graphical Presentation:
- Ensure clear labeling of axes.
- Use a suitable scale.
- Keep presentation simple.
Disadvantages:
- Can be misleading if not properly scaled.
- Median Calculation:
Data set ordered by class intervals: [5-9], [10-14], [15-19], [20-24], [25-29], [30-34], [35-39], [40-44], [45-49]
To compute the median, identify the middle class interval. Here, cumulative frequency reaches 20 at the 5-9 interval. Median is positioned at this class range.